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  • Serba Serbi Vaksin BCG, Cara Ampuh Mencegah Penyakit Tuberkulosis (TB)

Serba Serbi Vaksin BCG, Cara Ampuh Mencegah Penyakit Tuberkulosis (TB)

Serba Serbi Vaksin BCG, Cara Ampuh Mencegah Penyakit Tuberkulosis (TB)

Bagikan :


Hingga saat ini, Tuberkulosis (TB) masih menjadi penyakit menular yang berpotensi serius, yang mempengaruhi paru dan juga bisa organ tubuh lainnya. Menurut data Kemenkes RI, ada sekitar 33.366 kasus TB anak dan 8.003 kasus TB HIV dengan 13.110 angka kematian akibat TB di Indonesia (per Oktober 2021).

Melihat besarnya angka kasus TB anak, mengingatkan kembali bahwa mencegah selalu lebih baik daripada mengobati. Salah satu tindakan pencegahan yang efektif untuk melawan TB adalah vaksin BCG.

Apa itu vaksin BCG?

BCG (Bacillus Calmette dan Guérin) adalah vaksin yang memberikan kekebalan atau perlindungan terhadap penyakit tuberkulosis. Vaksin ini diberikan kepada anak-anak dan orang berisiko tinggi terkena TB.

Vaksin BCG dibuat dari strain basil tuberkulosis sapi yang dilemahkan, Mycobacterium bovis. Saat ini, BCG adalah satu-satunya vaksin berlisensi melawan TB yang telah digunakan sejak tahun 1921. Vaksin BCG dapat memberikan perlindungan yang kompleks, khususnya pada anak-anak, yang diberikan sekali seumur hidup.

Siapa saja yang boleh mendapatkan vaksin BCG?

Bayi

Vaksin BCG direkomendasikan diberikan pada bayi usia 1 bulan - 1 tahun, terutama bayi dengan karakteristik tambahan:

  • Tinggal di area di mana angka kasus TB cukup tinggi
  • Memiliki orang tua yang berasal dari negara dengan angka kasus TB tinggi
  • Tinggal atau pernah melakukan kontak dengan orang yang terinfeksi TB

Anak usia 1-16 tahun

Vaksin BCG direkomendasikan diberikan kepada anak usia 1-16 tahun yang pada saat bayi tidak sempat mendapatkan vaksin BCG.

Usia 16-35 tahun

Vaksin BCG kurang efektif diberikan kepada orang di atas usia 35 tahun. Namun, pada usia 16-35 tahun, vaksin ini masih boleh diberikan, terutama pada pekerja kesehatan, staf dokter hewan, dan petugas rumah potong hewan.

Vaksin ini diberikan melalui injeksi di lengan bagian atas, di mana umumnya akan meninggalkan bekas luka kecil.

Siapa yang tidak boleh mendapatkan vaksin BCG?

Menurut CDC, ada dua kondisi yang menyebabkan seseorang tidak boleh mendapatkan vaksin BCG, di antaranya:

  • Orang dengan sistem imun yang lemah - vaksin BCG tidak boleh diberikan kepada orang yang mengalami imunosupresi, misalnya orang yang terinfeksi HIV, menjalani kemoterapi atau kemungkinan besar akan mengalami gangguan kekebalan (misalnya orang yang menjadi kandidat transplantasi organ)
  • Ibu hamil - vaksin BCG tidak boleh diberikan selama kehamilan. Meskipun tidak ada efek berbahaya pada janin, namun masih dibutuhkan penelitian lebih lanjut untuk membuktikan keamanannya
  • Orang dengan riwayat TB
  • Orang yang hasil tes kulit/tes mantoux menunjukkan positif
  • Orang dengan riwayat alergi parah terhadap vaksin
  • Bayi yang dilahirkan dari ibu yang mengonsumsi obat untuk menekan sistem kekebalan tubuh selama kehamilan
  • Bayi yang memiliki riwayat immunodeficiency (defisiensi imun)
  • Orang dengan riwayat kanker leukimia atau kanker limfoma

Efek samping vaksin BCG

Ada beberapa efek samping yang mungkin akan didapat setelah vaksin BCG, di antaranya:

  • Pembengkakan kelenjar getah bening
  • Kemerahan di bekas luka suntikan yang muncul 10-14 hari setelah disuntik
  • Demam
  • Adanya darah pada urine
  • Sering buang air kecil
  • Rasa sakit saat buang air kecil
  • Perut begah
  • Muntah

Apabila setelah mendapatkan vaksin BCG bayi atau Anda mengalami ruam kulit parah, kesulitan bernapas atau menelan, serta mengi, sebaiknya segera pergi ke instalasi gawat darurat terdekat.

 

Baca selengkapnya mengenai penyakit tuberkulosis (TB) di sini. Anda juga bisa temukan lebih banyak artikel mengenai penyakit pada laman ini, ya!

Writer : Agatha Writer
Editor :
  • dr Ayu Munawaroh, MKK
Last Updated : Minggu, 16 April 2023 | 21:45

Mayo Clinic (2021). Tuberculosis. Available from: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/tuberculosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20351250

TB Alert. What is TB. Available from: https://www.tbalert.org/about-tb/what-is-tb/prevention/

NHS UK (2021). BCG vaccine for tuberculosis (TB) overview. Available from: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/vaccinations/bcg-tuberculosis-tb-vaccine

NHS UK (2019). Who should have the BCG (TB) vaccine?. Available from: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/vaccinations/when-is-bcg-tb-vaccine-needed/

CDC (2016). BCG Vaccine. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/tb/publications/factsheets/prevention/bcg.htm

Kemenkes RI (2021). Dashboard TB Indonesia. Available from: https://tbindonesia.or.id/pustaka-tbc/dashboard-tb/

Medline Plus (2022). Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) Vaccine. Available from: https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a682809.html

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      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • LIMIT without ORDER BY causes non-deterministic results, depending on the query execution plan
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:11
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new5.9msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 1057 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
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      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Bindings
      • 0: 6451
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Bindings
      • 0: 300
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • LIMIT without ORDER BY causes non-deterministic results, depending on the query execution plan
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:11
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Bindings
      • 0: 4684
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new7.94msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 6446 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Bindings
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
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      Bindings
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      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Bindings
      • 0: 7519
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::layouts.v2.web_layout:547
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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